Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. METHOD: A quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study, developed in a municipality in northeastern Brazil, between March and September 2021, with 81 children/adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and their guardians/caregivers. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic and clinical variables and two quality of life instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Adolescents whose parents had a family income greater than a minimum wage had a lower prevalence of impaired quality of life when compared to those with a lower income. Adolescents with time since diagnosis of less than four years had a satisfactory quality of life, and children aged 8 to 12 years who self-administered insulin had a lower prevalence of high quality of life compared to those who did not. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with a family income of less than a minimum wage, diagnosis time of more than four years and children aged 8-12 who self-administer insulin need greater professional support to have a better quality of life.

Effects of Macronutrient Intake and Number of Meals on Glycemic Outcomes Over 1 Year in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: Insulin bolus doses derive from glucose levels and planned carbohydrate intake, although fat and protein impact glycemic excursions. We examined the impact of macronutrients and number of daily meals/snacks on glycemic outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Youth (N = 136, ages 8-17) with type 1 diabetes completed 3-day food records, wore 3-day masked continuous glucose monitoring, and had A1c measurements every 3 months for 1 year. Diet data were analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research. Longitudinal mixed models assessed effects of macronutrient intake and number of meals/snacks on glycemic outcomes. Results: At baseline, youth (48% male) had mean age of 12.8 ± 2.5 years and diabetes duration of 5.9 ± 3.1 years; 73% used insulin pumps. Baseline A1c was 8.1% ± 1.0%, percent time in range 70-180 mg/dL (%TIR) was 49% ± 17%, % time below range <70 mg/dL (%TBR) was 6% ± 8%, % time above range >180 mg/dL (%TAR) was 44% ± 20%, and glycemic variability as coefficient of variation (CV) was 41% ± 8%; macronutrient intake included 48% ± 5% carbohydrate, 36% ± 5% fat, and 16% ± 2% protein. Most youth (56%) reported 3-4 meals/snacks daily (range 1-9). Over 1 year, greater carbohydrate intake was associated with lower A1c (P = 0.0003), more %TBR (P = 0.0006), less %TAR (P = 0.002), and higher CV (P = 0.03). Greater fat intake was associated with higher A1c (P = 0.006), less %TBR (P = 0.002), and more %TAR (P = 0.005). Greater protein intake was associated with higher A1c (P = 0.01). More daily meals/snacks were associated with lower A1c (P = 0.001), higher %TIR (P = 0.0006), and less %TAR (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: Both fat and protein impact glycemic outcomes. Future automated insulin delivery systems should consider all macronutrients for timely insulin provision. The present research study derived from secondary analysis of the study registered under NCT00999375.

Prototyping Process and Usability Testing of a Serious Game for Brazilian Children With Type 1 Diabetes.

This study aims to describe the prototype development and testing of a serious game designed for Brazilian children with diabetes. Following an approach of user-centered design, the researchers assessed game's preferences and diabetes learning needs to develop a Paper Prototype. The gameplay strategies included diabetes pathophysiology, self-care tasks, glycemic management, and food group learning. Diabetes and technology experts (n = 12) tested the prototype during audio-recorded sessions. Next, they answered a survey to evaluate the content, organization, presentation, and educational game aspects. The prototype showed a high content validity ratio (0.80), with three items not achieving the critical values (0.66). Experts recommended improving the game content and food illustrations. This evaluation contributed to the medium-fidelity prototype version, which after testing with diabetes experts (n = 12) achieved high content validity values (0.88). One item did not meet the critical values. Experts suggested increasing the options of outdoor activities and meals. Researchers also observed and video-recorded children with diabetes (n = 5) playing the game with satisfactory interaction. They considered the game enjoyable. The interdisciplinary team plays an important role guiding the designers in the use of theories and real needs of children. Prototypes are a low-cost usability and a successful method for evaluating games.

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes / Factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 / Fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à qualidade de vida do público infantojuvenil com diabetes tipo 1

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study, developed in a municipality in northeastern Brazil, between March and September 2021, with 81 children/adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and their guardians/caregivers. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic and clinical variables and two quality of life instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out. Results: Adolescents whose parents had a family income greater than a minimum wage had a lower prevalence of impaired quality of life when compared to those with a lower income. Adolescents with time since diagnosis of less than four years had a satisfactory quality of life, and children aged 8 to 12 years who self-administered insulin had a lower prevalence of high quality of life compared to those who did not. Conclusion: Adolescents with a family income of less than a minimum wage, diagnosis time of more than four years and children aged 8-12 who self-administer insulin need greater professional support to have a better quality of life.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de niños y adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico, desarrollado en un municipio del Nordeste brasileño, entre marzo y septiembre de 2021, con 81 niños/adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 y sus tutores/cuidadores. Se utilizó un cuestionario que contenía variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y dos instrumentos de calidad de vida. Se realizó análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: los adolescentes cuyos padres tenían un ingreso familiar superior a un salario mínimo tuvieron una menor prevalencia de deterioro de la calidad de vida en comparación con aquellos con menores ingresos. Los adolescentes con un tiempo de diagnóstico menor a cuatro años tuvieron una calidad de vida satisfactoria, y los niños de 8 a 12 años que se autoadministraron insulina tuvieron una menor prevalencia de alta calidad de vida en comparación con los que no lo hicieron. Conclusión: Los adolescentes con ingreso familiar menor a un salario mínimo, tiempo de diagnóstico mayor a cuatro años y niños de 8 a 12 años que se autoadministran insulina necesitan mayor apoyo profesional para tener una mejor calidad de vida.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico, desenvolvido em um município do Nordeste brasileiro, entre março e setembro de 2021, com 81 crianças/adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 e seus responsáveis/cuidadores. Utilizaram-se um questionário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e dois instrumentos de qualidade de vida. Realizou-se análise descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Adolescentes cujos pais tinham renda familiar superior a um salário mínimo apresentaram prevalência menor de qualidade de vida prejudicada, quando comparados àqueles com renda inferior. Adolescentes com tempo de diagnóstico menor que quatro anos apresentaram qualidade de vida satisfatória, e crianças de 8 a 12 anos que faziam autoaplicação de insulina apresentaram prevalência menor de qualidade de vida alta em relação às que não realizavam. Conclusão: Adolescentes com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo, tempo de diagnóstico superior a quatro anos e crianças de 8-12 anos que realizam autoaplicação de insulina necessitam de maior suporte profissional para ter melhor qualidade de vida.